What associations do apples call to mind for you? Do you hear the 1968 Roger Miller hit, “Little Green Apples,” written by Bobby Russell? Do you smell a freshly baked pie from grandmother’s kitchen? Do you think of brain health and antihistamine? Or do you reflect on a variant of the 1866 Welsh maxim, “Eat an apple on going to bed, and you’ll keep the doctor from earning his bread”?

Most apples are consumed as fresh fruit, which equates to U.S. per capita consu…

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