You can nominate someone to become an IFT Fellow. For them to qualify, the nominee much be an active member of the profession and have been a non-student IFT member for at least 15 consecutive years.
If your nominee is not elected a Fellow, you may re-nominate that person in a subsequent year.
IFT Fellow Nominations are now closed!
Click here to view Fellows nomination guidelines
Fellows Nominations Q&A Webcast
Have questions on what goes into a strong Fellows nomination packet? Learn from the experts in this live 30-minute Q&A webcast.
Full list of IFT Fellows since 1970 are listed below by decade and year. View an alphabetical Fellows directory.
*indicates a deceased Fellow
Martin Cole, Ph.D., CFS
Professor, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Australia
Martin Cole is science director for agriculture and food within the Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), the National Science Agency of Australia. He is an internationally recognized food scientist and accomplished leader with over 20 years’ experience in research management across government, academia, and industry. Prior to his current role, he was director of the U.S. National Center for Food Safety and Technology, an FDA Center of Excellence. Cole has published and presented on many aspects of food science, including food safety, novel processing, and nutritional food security. He has over 15 years’ experience with the CODEX Food Hygiene Committee and has frequently been called upon as an expert by organizations such the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization, as well as by the U.S. House of Representatives. He currently chairs the International Commission on the Microbiological Specifications for Food and is a member of the High Level Panel of Experts to the UN Food Security Committee. He is also a director with Food Standards Australia New Zealand, adjunct professor at the Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, and a fellow of the International Union of Food Technologists.
John Coupland, Ph.D., CFS
Professor of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University
John Coupland is a professor of food science at Penn State and a former president of IFT. He is an expert in the physical chemistry of foods, especially lipid emulsions and crystals, and his research program strives to connect measurements of food structure with functional properties such as flavor, texture, and stability. Coupland is also interested in the social context of food processing and in advancing the status of the food science profession
Milda Embuscado, Ph.D., CFS
Senior Principal Scientist, McCormick & Company, Inc.
Milda Embuscado is an accomplished food scientist and a recognized leader in hydrocolloid and starch chemistry. She introduced structure-function relationship in flavor encapsulation and ingredient and powder science and technology to better understand ingredients, products, and processes, the underlying causes of product and process failures, and how to resolve them. She is the recipient of several research awards, including the 2016 Outstanding Food Science Award from the Department of Food Science, Purdue University, for recognition of her outstanding career in the food industry and for leading the way and creating a legacy of excellence. Her publications include three books and more than 30 book chapters and scientific papers and several invited presentations. She is an active member of IFT, has served as chairperson of the Carbohydrate and Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Divisions, and is a recipient of several IFT Outstanding Volunteer awards. She has also served as a member of various IFT committees and the Annual Meeting Scientific Program Advisory Panel, Food Chemistry Track.
Christopher Findlay, Ph.D., CFS
Chairman, Compusense Canada
Chris Findlay is the chairman and founder of Compusense. He earned his PhD and MSc in food science at the University of Guelph. He was elected to the IFT Board of Directors in 2016 and is a past chair of the Sensory Evaluation Division. In 2011, Findlay was honored to receive the IFT Inaugural Award for Achievement in Sensory and Consumer Science. He is a fellow of the Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology. For 40 years, he has taught, lectured, published, and consulted internationally on food science topics, with a particular passion for sensory science.
Lauren Jackson, Ph.D., CFS
Chief, Process Engineering Branch CFSAN at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
An accomplished scientist at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Lauren Jackson continues to make exemplary contributions to food safety through her research program and her leadership as chief of the Process Engineering Branch at FDA. Jackson is an internationally recognized expert on mycotoxins, chemical contaminants, and food allergens. Her research focuses on the effects of processing on the formation, destruction, and detection of natural toxins and process contaminants in food. She is also recognized for her research on evaluating the effectiveness of cleaning and other approaches used for allergen control.
Alejandro G. Marangoni, Ph.D.
Professor and Research Chair, University of Guelph Canada
Alejandro Marangoni is a professor and Tier I Canada Research Chair in Food, Health and Aging at the University of Guelph, Canada. His work concentrates on the physical properties of lipidic materials in foods, cosmetics, and biolubricants. He is the recipient of many awards and is a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, the American Oil Chemists’ Society, IFT, and the Royal Society of Chemistry (United Kingdom). He is the editor in chief of Current Opinion in Food Science. Marangoni was honored as one of the 10 most influential Hispanic Canadians in 2012.
Elena M. Castell-Perez, Ph.D.
Professor, Texas A&M University
At Texas A&M University, Elena Castell-Perez continues to make exemplary contributions to food science through her teaching and research food engineering program while serving her professional society and other stakeholders. Castell-Perez’s vital contributions to food science have been in the field of materials science and rheology. Today, her guiding research principle is, “How can a food engineer address the critical challenges of food security and safety?” Her interest in design of therapeutic foods and devices to solve malnutrition problems due to illness or injuries should yield novel nutritious and appealing dietary components that enhance the quality of people’s lives.
Hosahalli Ramaswamy, Ph.D.
Professor of Food Process Engineering, McGill University Canada
With 32 years of experience at McGill University, Hosahalli S. Ramaswamy, professor of food process engineering, continues to make exemplary research contributions in the field of food science through his dynamic insight into process optimization to ensure food safety and enhance food quality. Ramaswamy, an internationally recognized expert in thermal processing, microwave heating, and high-pressure processing, carries out in-depth studies on heat transfer, process optimization, microbial destruction, and food functionality. Ramaswamy has received numerous awards, both nationally and internationally, for promoting novel technologies. He is admired as an accomplished researcher, author, graduate supervisor, editor, consultant, and extension specialist.
Roger Ruan, Ph.D.
Professor and Director, University of Minnesota
An exceptionally productive and high-quality researcher, Roger Ruan makes outstanding contributions in the field of food science and technology and strong impacts on academic, industrial, and regulatory communities. Many of his findings are of practical importance and have been commercially implemented. His expertise includes alternative food processes, especially nonthermal processes for pasteurization and extraction; food stability as affected by state of water; nondestructive imaging techniques for process and product evaluation; by-product and food waste utilization; and circular economy and sustainable food production and processing.
Josip Simunovic, Ph.D.
Research Professor, North Carolina State University
Josip Simunovic is an educator, inventor, innovator, and developer of new technologies for processing, preservation, and safety validation of foods and biomaterials. Collaborations with his students and colleagues in academia, industry, and government have contributed to the establishment of six new companies, nine processing plants, and introduction of over 200 new products to the American and European markets. These include sensors and instruments for validation of aseptic foods containing particles; devices, systems, and processing plants using continuous flow microwave sterilization; and ingredients, beverages, purees, and soups with uniquely high levels of retention of native nutrients, sensory characteristics, and functionality.
Phillip S. Tong, Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus, Cal Poly State University
Phillip S. Tong is recognized internationally for the creation and communication of a body of scientific and technical knowledge that improved the awareness, understanding, and efficacious use, production, and quality of dairy foods and dairy ingredients worldwide. He helped establish the Cal Poly Dairy Products Technology Center, which he spearheaded for 29 years. He has given invited presentations in 11 countries on dairy ingredients’ properties and food applications. Tong also educated and mentored future generations of dairy and food scientists at the university, in addition to instructing 5,000 food industry professionals through 200 dairy foods short courses and symposia he organized during his career
Martha Verghese, Ph.D., CFS
Professor and Chair, Alabama A&M University
Martha Verghese is an accomplished professor of nutritional biochemistry at Alabama A&M University. Her special interest lies in the utilization of phytochemicals and the design of functional foods/food products for health promotion and the prevention of chronic diseases, especially cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. Her area of research is in developing designs for evaluating phytochemical/nutraceutical bioactivity/bioavailability. She has also provided visionary leadership as chair of the Department of Food and Animal Sciences. Since joining the faculty ranks in 2001, she has advised 58 MS students and 28 PhD dissertations and is currently advising/co-advising four MS and 11 PhD students..
Martin Cole
John Coupland
Milda Embuscado
Christopher Findlay
Lauren Jackson
Alejandro G. Marangoni
Elena M. Castell-Perez
Hosahalli Ramaswamy
Roger Ruan
Josip Simunovic
Phillip S. Tong
Martha Verghese
Martha E. Cassens
Brian E. Farkas
Peter Jonathan Fryer
Linda J. Harris
Julie Miller Jones
Harry Levine
Yaguang Luo
Ricardo Jose Simpson
Randy W. Worobo
Guanghong Zhou
Rotimi Emmanuel Aluko
MaryAnne Drake
Bo Jiang
Tara McHugh
Claire Koelsch Sand
Gordon Smith
Geoffrey Smithers
Beverly Tepper
James Behnke
Catherine Cutter
Bruce Ferree
Peter Barton Hutt
Scott Lineback
Fatemeh Malekian
Michael McCarthy
Enrique Palou
Nagendra P. Shah
Louise Slade
A. Elizabeth Sloan
Jorge Welti-Chanes
Sheryl Barringer
Janet E. Collins
H. Russell Cross
Christopher R. Daubert
N. A. Michael Eskin
Olga Martín-Belloso
David J. McClements
Hyun Jin Park
Yrjö H. Roos
Harjinder Singh
Gow-Chin Yen
Gregory Ziegler
Diane M. Barrett
Eric A. Decker
Bruce R. Hamaker
Anthony W. Kotula
Keshun Liu
Robert McGorrin
Olga I. Padilla-Zakour
Octavio Paredes-Lopez
Rukma Reddy
Juan L. Silva
Juming Tang
Pamela J. White
Raymond J. Winger
Suk Hoo Yoon
Howard Q. Zhang
Ashim Datta
Michael duBois
Elisabeth Huff-Lonergan
Lekh Juneja
Larry Keener
Lucina Lampila
Chong Lee
Gary List
Rosana Moreira
Witoon Prinyawiwatkul
PV Suryaprakasa Rao
Martin Wiedmann
Cesarettin Alasalvar
V.M. (Bala) Balasubramaniam
Reinhold Carle
Carol Ann Cooper
Philip G Crandall
Carolyn Fisher
Ravishankar Gokare
Tyre C Lanier
Mukund V Karwe
Tzu-Ming Pan
Kathleen T Rajkowski
Peter Morgan Salmon
Thomas H Shellhammer
Liangli (Lucy) Yu
Yanyun Zhao
Shai Barbut
Mary Susan Brewer
Hongda Chen
Catherine Donnelly
Wayne Ellefson
Melvin Hunt
Kathryn L. Kotula
F. Xavier Malcata
Herbert Ockerman
Mickey Parish
Phil Perkins
Elliot Ryser
Sheri Schellhaass
Bernhard van Lengerich
Zata Vickers
Rickey Yada
Noel Anderson
Alice Cha
J. Peter Clark
Hamed Faridi
Anne Goldman
David Patrick Green
Robert Hutkins
Cherl-Ho Lee
Rui Hai Liu
Kenneth McMillin
Jonathan Merkle
Charles Onwulata
Robert E. Ross
Skip Rosskam
Donald Schaffner
Arthur Teixeira
Youling Xiong
Catherine Adams
Ken Buckle
Alfred Bushway
James R. Coughlin
Theron "Tee" Downes
C. Patrick Dunne
Kathleen Nelson Feicht
Luis Fernandez
John D. Floros
Pina Fratamico
Stanley Gilliland*
Fu-Hung Hsieh
Yao-Wen Huang
John Marcy
Joseph Marcy
Dennis Miller
John Milner
Charles Sims
Fidel Toldrá
Pamela Vaillancourt
Purnendu Vasavada
Kathryn Boor
Sam K. C. Chang
John P. Cherry
Jairus David
Mario de Figueiredo
John Finley
Marianne Gillette
Vijay K. Juneja
Donald Kramer
John Krochta
Kiyoko Ruth Kubomura
Duane Larick
Richard Linton
Antonio Martin
Bonnie Sun Pan
Michele Perchonok
Vishweshwaraiah Prakash
John Rupnow
Steven Schwartz
Rakesh Singh
Lester Wilson
Carl Winter
James Swi-Bea Wu
Mary Ellen Camire
Bruce R. Cords
Ronald D. Harris
Yun-Hwa Peggy Hsieh
Guy H. Johnson
Olusola Lamikanra
John W. Larkin
Huub L.M. Lelieveld
Neil H. Mermelstein
James L. Oblinger
Jae W. Park
Damanna R. Rao
Gordon L. Robertson
Sudhir K. Sastry
Virginia N. Scott
Denise M. Smith
Louise Wicker
Douglas L. Archer
Jacqueline H.P. Beckley
E. Allen Foegeding
William C. Franke
Wayne T. Iwaoka
Arthur J. Miller
I. Sam Saguy
Aurora A. Saulo
Richard C. Whiting
Casimir C. Akoh
Hans P. Blaschek
Richard H. Dougherty
Richard W. Hartel
Ellen Lauber
Douglas L. Marshall
Michael W. Moody
Nancy E. Nagle
Mohan Rao
Barbara A. Rasco
Fereidoon Shahidi
Donn R. Ward
James N. Bemiller
Maribeth A. Cousin
Stephanie Doores
Dean D. Duxbury
L. Frank Flora
Russell S. Flowers
Susan L. Hefle*
Leslie J. Herzog
Dallas G. Hoover
Yen-Con Hung
Lucy S. Hwang
Howard R. Moskowitz
Shuryo Nakai
Barbara J. Petersen
Ralph L. Price
Shridhar K. Sathe
Shelly J. Schmidt
Joseph G. Sebranek
Jose M. Aguilera
William L. Baran
Gustavo V. Barbosa-Cánovas
R. Coe Barnard
Roger A. Clemens
P. Michael Davidson
Navam S. Hettiarachchy
Chi-Tang Ho
C. Ann Hollingsworth*
Kenneth S. Marsh
John K. McAnelly*
Michael T. Morrissey
O. Robert Noyes*
B. Onuma Okezie
George A. Purvis
David S. Reid
Kenneth E. Stevenson
Elaine R. Wedral
Christine M. Bruhn
Robert L. Buchanan
Charles L. Duncan
Susan K. Harlander
Joseph H. Hotchkiss
Mark McLellan
David B. Min*
Brian G. Raines
Barry G. Swanson
Katherine M.J. Swanson
Barbara Blakistone
Colin Dennis
Faye M. Dong
Felix J. Germino
Norman F. Haard*
David H. Hettinga
George E. Inglett
Tai-Wan Kwon
Margaret A. Lawson
Thomas J. Montville
Walter Steven Otwell
Khee-Choon Rhee
Mary K. Wagner
Robert B. Gravani
Todd R. Klaenhammer
Jozef J. Kokini
S. Suzanne Nielsen
Anna V.A. Resurreccion
Syed S.H. Rizvi
Karen M. Schaich
R. Paul Singh
John G. Surak
Pamela D. Tom
Catharina Y.W. Ang
Clark J. Brekke
Fredric Caporaso
Manjeet S. Chinnan
Michael P. Doyle
Peggy M. Foegeding*
Ruth M. Patrick
Ronald H. Schmidt
Robert L. Shewfelt
Erik Von Sydow
Wayne R. Bidlack
Gloria Brooks-Ray
John A. Carpenter
Ken Lee
William H. Root*
Walter E.L. Spiess
Richard F. Stier
Marilyn A. Swanson
Kenneth R. Swartzel
Robert C. Baker*
John C. Bruhn
Lloyd B. Bullerman
Marvin J. Byer*
Horace D. Graham*
Justin R. Morris
Michael W. Pariza
M. Anandha Rao
Ronald L. Richter
John N. Sofos
John E. Vanderveen
Bruce P. Wasserman*
Frederick H. Wolfe
Jerry N. Cash
Andrew G. Ebert
Glenn W. Froning
Virginia H. Holsinger*
James M. Jay*
John B. Klis*
Manfred Kroger
Rauno Andrew Lampi
Chang Yong (Cy) Lee
Dicki Lulay
Mary K. Schmidl
Marvin A. Tung*
Connie M. Weaver
John M. DeMan
Ronald R. Eitenmiller
Daniel Y.C. Fung
Donald D. Hamann*
Roy E. Martin
Alan J. Post*
Joe M. Regenstein
Wajih N. Sawaya
Bruce R. Stillings
Mark A. Uebersax
James J. Albrecht
James V. Chambers
William D. Davidson*
Robert V. Decareau*
Thayne R. Dutson
Barbara P. Klein
William C. Mickelberry
Richard R. Perdue
George M. Pigott
Stanley Segall
James L. Vetter
Robert P. Bates
Robert J. Braddock
Donald J. Casimir
Clayton S. Huber
William S. La Grange
Joseph A. Liuzzo
James H. Moy
Samuel A. Palumbo*
Daniel E. Pratt
Arthur J. Siedler
David W. Stanley
Ronald E. Wrolstad
Grady W. Chism III
John W. Erdman Jr.
Charles Feldberg
George J. Flick Jr.
Joseph J. Jen
Charles H. Manley
Guillermo Suarez Fernande
Roy G. Arnold
Donald A. Corlett Jr.
Pavel J. Jelen
Paul C. Ma
Pericles C. Markakis
Larry L. McKay
Charles Radanovics
Bernabe Sanz-Perez
Fred R. Shank
Louis J. Bianco*
Arnold E. Denton
Gustav Richard Jansen
Merle D. Pierson
Robert E. Rust
Laszlo P. Somogyi
Mary Ellen Zabik
Don Blenford*
Jack Cooper
Lawrence E. Dawson*
Johannes Diehl*
Seymour G. Gilbert
Judson M. Harper
Herbert O. Hultin*
John H. Kilbuck
Elizabeth Larmond
Hermann Schmidt-Hebbel
R. Bruce Tompkin
Isabel D. Wolf
Charles J. Bates*
Charles A. Becker*
Dee M. Graham
Robert C. Lindsay
Robert J. Price*
Edmund A. Zottola
Eugene C. Allen
Clyde Amundson*
J. Robert Brunner*
Robert J. Hlavacek
Paul F. Hopper*
Ogden C. Johnson*
Gerald Kuhn*
John B. Mann
Norman F. Olson
Robert E. Smith
Keith H. Steinkraus*
G. Malcolm Trout*
William L. Brown
Allen A. Kraft
Bor S. Luh*
Raymond J. Moshy*
J. Warren Stull*
Stephen L. Taylor
Robert C. Wiley
Larry Beuchat
Malcolm C. Bourne
Jean F. Caul
Kan-Ichi Hayakawa*
Lamartine F. Hood
Gabriel J. Lauro
Norman C. Miller Jr.
Nell I. Mondy*
Abdul R. Rahman*
Thomas Richardson*
Howard G. Schutz
William J. Shannon*
John H. Silliker
Romeo T. Toledo
Homer Walker*
Tamotsu Yokotsuka
Robert E. Berry
Wilbur S. Claus*
Weld E. Conley*
John E. Kinsella*
William W. Marion
Leon J. Rubin*
Don F. Splittstoesser*
Kent K. Stewart
Herbert Stone
Vigen K. Babayan*
Robert R. Baldwin*
Henri Cheftel*
Donald L. Downing*
Joachim H. von Elbe
Robert L. Henrickson
Paul Khan*
Jack K. Krum*
Elmer H. Marth*
Richard F. Matthews*
Charles W. Nagel*
Tommy Nakayama
Alvin I. Nelson*
Lowell D. Satterlee
Khem M. Shahani*
Fred R. Tarver Jr.*
Francis F. Busta
Walter L. Clark*
Leroy Dugan Jr.
Richard H. Forsythe
Masao Fujimaki
M.K. Hamdy
H.C.R. Heiss
William J. Hoover
Miguel A. Jimenez*
Paul A. Lachance
Gilbert A. Leveille
David R. Lineback
Walter A. Mercer*
Ian D. Morton*
William D. Powrie
Toshimaro Sone*
Elizabeth F. Stier*
Norman W. Tape
Bernard A. Twigg*
Lloyd D. Witter*
John A. Barnes
Andre Bolaffi
George N. Bookwalter
Albert W. Brant*
Aaron L. Brody
Robert G. Cassens
John L. Etchells*
Kenneth T. Farrell*
Martin Glicksman*
Dennis R. Heldman
Clifford M. Hollenback*
Mogens H. Jul*
Endel Karmas*
James R. Kirk*
Tung-Ching Lee
Martin W. Miller*
Edwin L. Mitchell*
Verner H. Nielsen*
Robert L. Olson*
David F. Owen
Arthur T. Schramm*
Rhule B. Sleeth
Alina S. Szczesniak
J. Ralph Blanchfield
Elwood F. Caldwell
Zerle L. Carpenter
Raymond A. Dennison*
C. Anthon Ernstrom*
Daniel F. Farkas
Owen R. Fennema
Wilbur A. Gould*
Sidney W.F. Hanson*
Herbert A. Hollender*
Sam R. Hoover*
Dorothy Ann Huber*
Melvin R. Johnston*
Carl H. Krieger*
Richard V. Lechowich
John H. Litchfield
Daryl B. Lund
Philip E. Nelson
Rose Marie Pangborn*
Robert C. Pearl*
Irving J. Pflug
Gerald Reed*
Louis B. Rockland*
D. Dattajeerao K. Salunkhe*
Robert M. Schaffner*
John D. Sink
Steven R. Tannenbaum
John R. Whittaker
Willard E. Baier*
Benjamin Borenstein*
Hormoz K.F. Broumand
Robert F. Cain*
Fergus M. Clydesdale
Kirby M. Hayes*
Albert C. Hersom*
James D. Kemp
Amihud Kramer*
Theodore P. Labuza
Bernard J. Liska*
Gideon E. Livingston*
Jack H. Mitchell Jr.*
Hisateru Mitsuda
Roland A. Morck*
Charles V. Morr
Roy E. Morse*
Yeshajahu Pomeranz*
A. Barde Rogers*
Hatton B. Rogers
Irving I. Rusoff*
Byron M. Shinn*
Myron Solberg*
Aaron E. Wasserman
Jasper G. Woodroof*
Gale R. Ammerman*
Francis P. Griffiths*
Lois Ann Sather McGill*
Roy E. Moser
Christian J.B. Smit
Edward E. Anderson
Francis Aylward*
Ernest J. Briskey*
Alan G. Ward*
J.C. Bauernfeind*
Raymond H. Binsted*
Charles A. Glabau*
John Hawthorn*
Matthew E. Highlands*
George J. Hucker*
Anthony Lopez
Junius M. McIntire*
Max Milner*
Charles F. Niven Jr.*
John J. Powers*
Loren B. Sjostrom*
Marvin L. Speck*
Kenneth G. Weckel*
Howard E. Bauman*
Ben F. Buchanan*
Edward E. Burns
Laverne E. Clifcorn*
Frederick J. Francis*
Ellery H. Harvey*
Ivan D. Jones
Eduardo R. Mendez Jr.*
Bruce H. Morgan*
John T.R. Nickerson*
Tetsujiro Obara*
E.B. Oberg*
Bernard L. Oser*
William M. Roberts*
Herbert E. Robinson*
Charles T. Townsend*
Virgil O. Wodicka*
John C. Ayres*
Philip K. Bates*
Stephen S. Chang*
Adolph S. Clausi
Robert G. DiMarco
Charles J. Duffy*
James W. Evans*
Enio Feliciotti*
Willis A. Gortner*
Hugh T. Griswold
Richard L. Hall
Hans Lineweaver*
Gordon Mackinney*
Hamilton W. Putnam*
Edward Seltzer*
Horace L. Sipple*
Clinton O. Chichester*
Imri J. Hutchings*
Z. John Ordal*
Evan F. Binkerd*
Maynard A. Joslyn*
Marcus Karel
Albert M. Pearson*
Arthur N. Prater*
Reese H. Vaughn*
John M. Nair*
Roy C. Newton*
Harold S. Olcott*
William Stadelman*
George F. Stewart*
Gladys E. Vail*
Ernest H. Wiegand*
C. Olin Ball*
Laurence V. Burton*
Berton S. Clark*
Victor Conquest*
Michael J. Copley*
Helmut C. Diehl*
Edwin M. Foster
Charles N. Frey*
Samuel A. Goldblith*
Henry E. Goresline*
Lloyd A. Hall*
David B. Hand*
Louis B. Howard*
Rohland A. Isker*
John M. Jackson*
Charles G. King*
Reid T. Milner*
Emil M. Mrak*
Harold W. Schultz*
Bernard S. Schweigert*
Paul F. Sharp*
Ira I. Somers*
H.L.A. Tarr*
Donald K. Tressler*
Walter M. Urbain*
James R. Vickery*
Betty M. Watts*
