Outside-the-Gut Nutrition

The circulatory system is one of 13 primary physiological and anatomical systems that are challenged during the course of our lives. The understanding and importance of the circulatory system relative to parenteral nutrition (PN) support became apparent only within the past four decades, although there is evidence of research in this area from the 1600s. Stanley Dudrick, often considered the “father of parenteral nutrition,” provided the first contemporary documentation that adequate…